May 15, 2018 (Final Self-Reflection)

The best way to learn more about Digital Humanities is working with people who have the knowledge and expertise in the field. After learning from the best professors selected by the GMU program, I had the pleasure of working with Dr. Pamela (Pam) Henson, Historian for Smithsonian Institution Archives, and her research assistant, Lisa. During my internship with the Smithsonian for two semesters, I have gained new skills to help me complete my digital public humanities site and to teach my undergraduate students about digital humanities as an introductory course. For this Spring semester, I used what I have learned in my graduate courses as well as from my own teaching experience to design an oral history collection. Pam selected Lucile Quarry Mann to be the first from the many collections (150 and counting) for my internship project.

Before I worked with Pam, I had minimal knowledge about oral history. After reading and researching more about oral history, I realized how it is a crucial component of digital humanities and the preservation of living history. Listening to the recorded interviews, which were originally recorded with tape recorders in the 1970s, has helped me to appreciate the unique discourse of oral history interviews between an interviewer and interviewee. The concept of digitizing audio recordings of interviews is fascinating because it allows the current audience to have access to living history in different formats. I also learned the importance of keeping track of everything such as documenting each interview with detailed information by viewing the transcripts and notes that were documented by Pam.

Designing a digital platform for an oral history collection comes with several challenges. One of the challenges was to present the material in a way that would engage a broad audience. In the designing stages of the digital platform, I used the skills that I have learned from the DH courses and my teaching experience. I have been teaching online since 2007, and one of my courses introduces students to think and analyze visual content from a rhetorical perspective for a writing course. Another challenge was selecting a segment of a full interview to introduce to the audience. The interview segment had to be short (5 minutes or less). There were a couple of interesting segments that lasted 10 minutes, but they were too long. The next challenge was to select images from the archives to correspond with the interview. In addition to posting images and text with the interview segment (e.g. image carousel), I came up with an idea of creating videos that combined the audio recording of the selected interview segment with images. I enjoyed the creative process of making a video because I was able to improve my video making skills while incorporating some of the techniques and skills that I have learned from my DH courses. The other challenge was making sure that there was enough memory or space for posting images and videos on the selected web page. These challenges provided a pathway for designing a digital platform for an oral history collection.

Working with Pam and Lisa has helped me to re-envision my design for Lucile Q. Mann’s oral history collection. From our weekly teleconferences and feedbacks, we collaborated to make the oral history and video history collections website possible for future launching. The progress is steady. Their helpful feedbacks were encouraging. I also provided feedback for the introductory pages of the oral history and video history collections website. Pam created a template that was modeled after my web page designs for Lucile Q. Mann’s oral history collection for future interns who will be working to put together oral history collections for the Smithsonian Institution. I am very excited that my work helped with designing the template for future oral history collections. I am very proud to be part of their project. I enjoyed working with a supportive and intelligent group, and I look forward to viewing the oral history collection on the Smithsonian Institution website when it is completed.

This semester’s internship has given me a new perspective on how oral history plays a significant role as a component of Digital Humanities. Presenting information from the past to an audience of the present and future is less challenging when certain digital tools, theories, and skills are used. How do we keep the changing audience interested in the people of the past? What digital tools are useful for creating and designing a new digital platform to present the past? How do we try to preserve the past without losing sight of our focus? Even though the past will remain constant in a form of a recorded interview in the case of Lucile Quarry Mann’s oral history collection, it is up to the digital humanities scholar/specialist to work with others to keep it visible and interesting in the present and for the future. It is also up to a collaborative group of people with various skill sets to help preserve the past and curate it as part of living history. Therefore, I plan to continue networking with people to encourage collaboration for my own digital public humanities project on Korean American history and culture while working on honing my oral history interviewing skills for future interviews.

Essay: “Advantages of Teaching in a Digital World”

Teaching students in the 21st century comes with several challenges, and the challenges allow educators to tweak their lesson plans to adjust to the ever-changing environment. In general, people are inundated by the digital world; there is so much information overload that most people can get overwhelmed. Consumers of the digital world are less than 2 or 3 clicks (with reliable internet service) away from discovering and learning about the past instantaneously. For more than a decade, people have been programmed to search online for convenience without thinking about the complexities of what is happening to the way they search online and how information is displayed and received by the consumers. There is no fine print to read when it comes to encountering the search engine. If there is such a thing, then most of the consumers of the digital world have missed it. The most popular search engine is Google, and my students and I are consumers of it. Unfortunately, people are not taught how to search properly and be skeptical of search results and websites. The massive amounts of information in the form of text, images, and videos are on the web; but people must be aware of how, what, why, and who they search online. Since students rely on the web for recreational and academic purposes, they can learn from teachers to be smart consumers of the digital world. Educators can use the web for providing credible information and show their students how to examine, evaluate, and analyze information on the web. The malleability of the past in the digital world has made it easier to teach about and help our audience to engage with the past.

Even though the web has made it easier to teach about the past, there are some unsettling challenges that complicate the work of teachers. The mass reliance on Google to conduct research is one of them. “Since search engines are becoming a preferred method for discovering, retrieving, and organizing scholarly information, it is critical that we understand the emerging trends” (Rieger). College undergraduate students tend to search for topics in Google rather than the suggested library databases because it is very popular, convenient, user-friendly, visually appealing, and most used search engine. Most of the time, Google displays the results on several pages, but most students usually view the first page of results. In the first page, they select the first 3 links to view. Sometimes, students will view the remaining links and quite possibly the 2nd or 3rd page of the results. Most people have been programmed to just click and view without carefully considering what they selected. That is when the educator comes in to help the students. In addition to all the lesson plans they are required to teach students about a subject, teachers might have to consider teaching students how to use search engines, evaluate the web sources, and analyze them for academic purposes. Unfortunately, most of the search is completed away from the campus when students leave. So, the educator just has to hope his or her students will be cautious and aware of how and what they search on the web.

On the flip side, the digital world has provided several great ways for teaching students about the past. One great way to teach about the past without being inundated with links of historical information from a simple search is teach the students how to evaluate the search results. Educators can teach the students about key terms for search results such as SEO and  explain how search engine results are displayed on the screen. An educator might consider asking the students to conduct a Google search of a historical term from an electronic device in different settings, or they can conduct a Google search with the same laptop, tablet, or smartphone from two different settings (e.g. coffee shop, campus, home, etc). They can compare their results and discuss the differences and similarities with the entire class. Then, the educator can teach students how to examine and evaluate links. For instance, “the goal is to encourage searchers [students] to integrate information effectively and efficiently by evaluating credibility of a source, and using and citing information ethically and legally” (Rieger). Students will learn to question search engine results and begin to evaluate which websites are credible or not. This lesson will teach them to be smart consumers of the web.

The digital world provides excellent resources on the web that students are unable to see in person. Historic sites with valuable and interesting information are crucial to foster historical thinking. Educators who would like to teach students about history with primary sources can have access to them on the web. Educators can introduce credible, historical websites and provide a short lesson for students to examine a primary source without leaving the classroom. In “Why Historical Thinking is Not About History,” Sam Wineburg makes a good point by stating, “Reliable information is to civic intelligence what clean
 air and clean water are to public health” (16). Educators can propose two questions to help their students learn to evaluate sources for reliable information: “Who owns a site? Who links to it?” (Wineburg 16). By answering these two questions, students can begin to evaluate the website. Also, a digitized primary source with text can be compared with a transcription of it. The educator may ask 1 or 2 questions to help students to examine both sources. Sometimes, when the physical site is too far away for students and educators to visit in person, the website of the physical site provides digital resources for helping the educator to provide an engaging history lesson for his or her students.

Another teaching method that teachers can do is to incorporate a lesson that helps students learn how information is posted on the web. Educators can use Wikipedia as part of a lesson to teach students how information is posted in a digital space. They can uncover complexities in history by conducting research on certain Wikipedia entries with historical information. For example, Brown and Olsen assigned their students to revise a Wikipedia entry on Tianamen Square after learning about it for a several weeks. They conclude that “one of the principal tasks of historians is to not let the complexities of history go unnoticed. Wikipedia’s ubiquity has made it a useful forum to communicate such complexities to the public, as well as an effective tool for future historians to improve their academic abilities” (Brown & Olsen). Also, students can learn to compare the information between Wikipedia and a historical website. They will learn to ask questions and begin to think historically about the information on the web. Also, they will inquire more about the past. Providing a lesson for students to engage with history by examining, evaluating, researching, analyzing, and editing information on the web, teachers can use the web as means of teaching how information is posted on the web.

Finally, there are free digital tools on the web that educators can introduce to students to work with historical evidence. For data mining, educators can introduce easy and user-friendly digital tools such as Voyant and Wordle to examine the text of a historical document and how the words appear in context.  Educators should “make sure your [students’] visualizations expose something new, hidden, non-obvious” (Cohen).  The visualizations of the data mining will help students to uncover something different or new.  Also, they can use mapping tools as visual reference of key historical places and uncover some complexities of geo-history. Working with digital tools to understand and analyze historical evidence allows students the opportunity to think about history in a different way. It also helps them to uncover interesting things and discover new information to fuel their inquiring minds. There are so many great digital tools that educators can introduce to students to help them work with historical evidence and to help them to foster historical thinking.

Despite the challenges and downfalls of a malleable past in a digital world, it makes it easier for educators to teach about and to help students engage with the past in multiple ways. The digital world has helped educators teach students about search engines and evaluating search links. It also introduced the concept of learning about the past in a digital space, especially when the physical space is out of reach. They learn to examine and evaluate digitized primary sources on the web. Students learn to use digital tools to analyze historical evidence on the web and uncover complexities in history. According to Kelly, “the best way to use digital media to teach them to see history as we see it is to create learning opportunities that make it possible for our students to do history—to practice it as we practice it—to help them make history, using their own creative impulses, rather than simply giving us what they hope is the correct answer to a question we have posed” (“Teaching History”). The malleability of the past in the digital world can have its challenges, but it can help educators find ways to teach students to be smart consumers of the web while learning about the past.

Bibliography

Brown, J. & Olsen, B. M. (2012). Teaching Tiananmen: using Wikipedia in the undergraduate classroom to learn how to write recent History. American Historical Association. Retrieved from https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/april-2012/teaching-tiananmen

Cohen, Dan. (2016). It’s about Russia. Digital Humanities: Theory & Practice. Retrieved from http://edchnm.gmu.edu/dhcert/sites/default/files/pdf/Its_About_Russia.pdf.

Kelly, T.M. (2013). Teaching History in the Digital Age. Digital Humanities. Retrieved from http://edchnm.gmu.edu/dhcert/sites/default/files/pdf/TeachingHistoryintheDigitalAge.pdf.

Rieger, O.Y. (2009). Search engine use behavior of Students and Faculty. First Monday, 14(12). Retrieved from http://www.firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/%20view/2716/2385

Wineburg, S. (2016). “Why History thinking is not about History. History News, 71(2),14-16. Retrieved from http://resource.aaslh.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2016/10/Wineburg-Spring16-a.pdf

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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